Thesis Supervisor 1 Retno Aulia Vinarti, S.Kom., M.Kom., Ph.D.
Thesis Supervisor 2 Renny Pradina, S.T., M.T.
App and Design by Muhammad Rasyad Caesarardhi
Data processed and summarized using Bringing Order to Abstractive Summarization paper
Original data provided by Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases
| Subjects | Quick Description (AI) |
|---|---|
DiseaseDisease - Original textYellow Fever | Yellow Fever |
ClassificationClassification - Original textICD-9 060; ICD-10 A95 | ICD-9 060; ICD-10 A95 |
Syndromes and synonymsSyndromes and synonyms - Original textHemorrhagic fever, jungle yellow fever, urban yellow fever. | hemorrhagic fever, jungle yellow fever, urban yellow fever. |
AgentAgent - Original textYellow fever virus (YFV) is an enveloped singlestranded positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. YFV is genetically more heterogeneous in Africa than in America, suggesting it originated in Africa. | yellow fever virus (yfv) is an enveloped singlestranded positive-sense rna virus |
ReservoirReservoir - Original textHumans and non-human primates are the main reservoirs. | humans and non-human primates |
VectorVector - Original textTree-hole-breeding forest mosquitoes: Aedes spp. in Africa, and Haemagogus and Sabethes spp. in South America. Transovarian transmission occurs in the mosquito and may be the way the virus survives in the years between cycles. The urban vector on both continents is Aedes aegypti. | tree-hole-breeding forest mosquitoes |
TransmissionTransmission - Original textBy mosquito bite. | by mosquito bite. |
CycleCycle - Original textThere are three transmission cycles: (1) sylvatic or jungle, (2) intermediate or savannah, and (3) urban. All three cycles exist in Africa and the sylvatic and urban yellow fever occur in South America. The sylvatic cycle happens in tropical rainforests where monkeys are infected by mosquitoes, and pass the virus onto other mosquitoes that feed on them; sporadically humans can become infected when entering the forest for work. The intermediate cycle is present in the savannahs of Africa, resulting in small oubreaks in rural settlements. Urban yellow fever can lead to large outbreaks in humans when infected individualsintroduce the virus to the urban mosquito population (mainly Aedes aegypti), that subsequently can transmit to other humans. | there are three transmission cycles: (1) sylvatic or jungle, (2) intermediate or savannah, and (3) urban. |
Incubation periodIncubation period - Original text3–6 days. | 3–6 days. |
Clinical findingsClinical findings - Original textSudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and can progress with signs of myalgia, photophobia, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and congestion of conjunctivae. After 3–4 days there can be a remission phase leading to either recovery or more severe disease with hemorrhagic signs (epistaxis, gingival bleeding, hematemesis, melena) and hepatorenal syndrome, multi-organ failure and death. CFR in severe cases is 15 to 50%. | sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and can progress with signs of myalgia, photophobia, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and congestion of conjunctivae |
Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests - Original textEarly phase: RT-PCR on blood; serology (IgM and IgG), but there is cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses; positive serology requires confirmation by more specific tests, like plaque-reduction assay. | early phase: rt-pcr on blood; serology (igm and igg); positive serology requires confirmation by more specific tests, like plaque-reduction assay. |
TherapyTherapy - Original textSupportive, there is no specific treatment. Aspirin should be avoided. | supportive |
PreventionPrevention - Original textThe 17D live, attenuated vaccine is protective after 10 days; revaccination is recommended every 10 years. Anti-mosquito precautions. Prevent infected individuals from mosquito exposure to break the transmission cycle. | anti-mosquito precautions. prevent infected individuals from mosquito exposure to break the transmission cycle. |
EpidemiologyEpidemiology - Original textAn estimated 200,000 yellow fever cases occur annually with 30,000 deaths. The disease is present in the jungles of South America and in the jungles and Savannahs of Sub-Saharan Africa. On both continents it is endemic in various species of forest monkey, transmitted among them by mosquito bite. The disease is more common in West Africa as compared to East Africa. In Africa, mainly children acquire infection as older persons have acquired immunity. In South America, yellow fever is mainly an occupational disease of men who work in forests and can carry the infection back home, causing urban epidemics. The yellow fever virus is thought to have originated in Africa and to have been carried to the Americas in slave ships. Due to the relatively recent introduction (about 500 years ago) in the Americas, the virus has not yet adapted to the reservoir, explaining why South American monkeys become diseased, but not African monkeys. All countries with urban dengue are at risk of the introduction of yellow fever, including Asia and Australasia, because the vector is the same (see Aedes egypti and Aedes albopictus map). Why Asia has remained free from yellow fever is not understood. | the yellow fever virus is thought to have originated in africa and to have been carried to the americas in slave ships. on both continents it is endemic in various species of forest monkey, transmitted among them by mosquito bite. |
CommunicabilityCommunicability - Original textNaN | - |
Prepatent periodPrepatent period - Original textNaN | - |