Thesis Supervisor 1 Retno Aulia Vinarti, S.Kom., M.Kom., Ph.D.
Thesis Supervisor 2 Renny Pradina, S.T., M.T.
App and Design by Muhammad Rasyad Caesarardhi
Data processed and summarized using Bringing Order to Abstractive Summarization paper
Original data provided by Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases
| Subjects | Quick Description (AI) |
|---|---|
DiseaseDisease - Original textSindbis Fever | Sindbis Fever |
ClassificationClassification - Original textICD-9 066.3; ICD-10 A92.8 | ICD-9 066.3; ICD-10 A92.8 |
Syndromes and synonymsSyndromes and synonyms - Original textOckelbo disease, Pogosta disease, Karelian fever | ockelbo disease, pogosta disease, karelian fever |
AgentAgent - Original textSindbis virus (SINV), a single-stranded, positive sense, enveloped RNA alphavirus, with 5 genotypes: SIN I (European/African), SIN II and III (Asian/Australian), SIN IV (Azerbaijan/China), and SIN V (New Zealand). The first Sindbis virus isolated was cultured in 1952 from a mosquito near Sindbis village in the Nile Delta (Egypt). Almost 10 years later the first human case was detected in Uganda in 1961 and in Europe in 1971. | sindbis virus (sinv) |
ReservoirReservoir - Original textWild, migratory birds of the order Passeriformes (mainlyfieldfare, redwing, and songthrush) and Anseriformes (ducks, geese and swans). Tetraonid birds (grouse) population size changes coincide with SINV epidemics in Finland. Larger passerine species have higher prevalences of infection as compared to smaller species. | wild |
VectorVector - Original textMosquitoes: Culex and Culiseta spp. between birds, Aedes spp. from bird to human. | mosquitoes |
TransmissionTransmission - Original textBy mosquito bite. | by mosquito bite. |
CycleCycle - Original textProbably bird–mosquito–bird. Mosquitoes become infected when feeding on viremic reservoir birds. This is followed by an extrinsic cycle of a few days in the mosquito, with subsequent transmission to birds or humans by bite. Humans are a dead-end host. There is evidence for vertical (transovarial) transmission in mosquitoes. | probably bird–mosquito–bird. mosquitoes become infected when feeding on viremic reservoir birds. |
Incubation periodIncubation period - Original textVaries from a few days to just over a week, depending on infectious dose. | Varies from a few days to just over a week |
Clinical findingsClinical findings - Original textThe majority of infections are subclinical ( 95%). Those with disease have mild fever, maculopapular rash often involving the palms and soles, which may be hemorrhagic and may recur, polyarthritis of both large and small joints, occasionally swollen extremities, anorexia, and lymphadenopathy. The disease is more severe in Scandinavia and South Africa than elsewhere. The disease is non-fatal, but moderate residual pain and stiffness in the joints may persist for years. | the majority of infections are subclinical ( 95%). those with disease have mild fever, maculopapular rash often involving the palms and soles, which may be hemorrhagic and may recur, polyarthritis of both large and small joints, occasionally swollen extremities, anorexia, and lymphadenopathy. |
Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests - Original textDetection of viral RNA in blood by RTPCR; serology (IgM ELISA); virus culture. | detection of viral rna in blood by rtpcr |
TherapyTherapy - Original textSymptomatic, there is no specific treatment. | symptomatic |
PreventionPrevention - Original textAnti-mosquito precautions; there is no vaccine available. | anti-mosquito precautions |
EpidemiologyEpidemiology - Original textSINV has been isolated from Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. The highest disease burden is in northern Europe (approximately between 60 and 64 N) and South Africa. Evolutionary studies show that SINV likely originated from South America, with subsequent spread to North America, Asia, and Australia, with later spread to Europe and Africa. Intererestingly, there are high levels of gene sequence similarities of SINV isolates within the same north–south axis, which correlates with major bird migration patterns (see Bird Migration map). Preferred habitat is a wetland ecosystem. The disease is seasonal, coinciding with the period of mosquito abundance and reservoir presence. Overwintering in the northern hemisphere may be by vertical transmission in the vectors. In Scandinavia, most cases occur in July through September, when there is plenty of vector species. Peak incidence in Karelia is about one month after the peak in Finland. Highest attack rates in Finland are in the eastern parts, and mainly in the age group 45 to 65 years. Epidemics tend to occur every 7 years in Finland, with the last epidemic in 2002. No epidemic occurred in 2009, probably due to a decline in the grouse population. | sinv has been isolated from africa, eurasia, and australia. the highest disease burden is in northern europe (approximately between 60 and 64 n) and south africa. epidemics tend to occur every 7 years in finland, with the last epidemic in 2002. |
CommunicabilityCommunicability - Original textNaN | - |
Prepatent periodPrepatent period - Original textNaN | - |