Thesis Supervisor 1 Retno Aulia Vinarti, S.Kom., M.Kom., Ph.D.
Thesis Supervisor 2 Renny Pradina, S.T., M.T.
App and Design by Muhammad Rasyad Caesarardhi
Data processed and summarized using Bringing Order to Abstractive Summarization paper
Original data provided by Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases
| Subjects | Quick Description (AI) |
|---|---|
DiseaseDisease - Original textSchistosomiasis, Africa & Americas | Schistosomiasis, Africa & Americas |
ClassificationClassification - Original textICD-9 120; ICD-10 B65 | ICD-9 120; ICD-10 B65 |
Syndromes and synonymsSyndromes and synonyms - Original textBilharziasis, Katayama fever or syndrome, urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis. | bilharziasis, katayama fever or syndrome, urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis. |
AgentAgent - Original textTrematode worms Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, S. intercalatum, and S. guineensis (formerly known as S. intercalatum). S. haematobium species group contains 8 species, of which not all cause human disease. | trematode worms schistosoma mansoni, s. haematobium, s., intercalatum, and s. guineensis |
ReservoirReservoir - Original textHumans are the main reservoir. S. haematobium can infect primates, livestock and rodents. S. mansoni, S. intercalatum, and S. guineensis can infect rodents. | s. haematobium can infect primates, livestock and rodents. |
VectorVector - Original textFreshwater snails: Biomphalaria spp. for S. mansoni, Bulinus spp. for S. haematobium, S. intercalatum, and S. guineensis. Technically, humans are the ‘vector’ as they harbor the parasite’s sexual stage. Snails are intermediate hosts. | freshwater snails: biomphalaria spp. for s. mansoni, bulinus spp., s. intercalatum, and s. guineensis. |
TransmissionTransmission - Original textContact with freshwater bodies containing cercariae that penetrate skin or mucous membranes; drinking contaminated water (uncommon). | contact with freshwater bodies containing cercariae that penetrate skin or mucous membranes; drinking contaminated water (uncommon). |
CycleCycle - Original textSnail–human–snail. Infected humans shed eggs into the water, which hatch into larvae (miracidia) that enter snails and develop into motile larvae (cercariae). The cercariae are shed into the water and penetrate the skin of humans in the water, enter the bloodstream and settle in the liver. When matured to adult male and female worms, they migrate to the abdominal veins (S. mansoni, S. intercalatum, S. guineensis) or pelvic veins (S. haematobium), mate and produce eggs. Snails remain infectious for up to 3 months, humans for more than 10 years. | snail–human–snail. |
Incubation periodIncubation period - Original textUsually 14–84 days for acute schistosomiasis (Katayama syndrome); chronic schistosomiasis can be asymptomatic for a long period, months to years. | Usually 14–84 days for acute schistosomiasis (Katayama syndrome) |
Clinical findingsClinical findings - Original textKatayama syndrome is an acute form of schistosomiasis, caused by the host immune response to developing larvae and early egg production and presents with nocturnal fever, cough, myalgia, headache, and abdominal pain. Katayama syndrome is more common among infected nonimmune individuals (e.g. travelers) and relatively rare among local residents with exposure since childhood. S. mansoni causes intestinal schistosomiasis with: diarrhea, abdominal pain, blood in the stool, hepatosplenomegaly. S. haematobium causes urogenital schistosomiasis with dysuria, hematuria, hemospermia, and dyspareunia. S. intercalatumand S. guineensis: granulomas, rectal polyps and ulcers. Chronic infection may lead toliverfibrosis,hepatosplenomegaly, and portal hypertension (S. mansoni), obstructive uropathy, bacterial infection,infertility, and bladder cancer (S. haematobium); rectitis, salpingitis, infertility and abortion (S. intercalatum, S. guineensis); anemia and altered growth and cognitive development in infected children. Rarely, CNS disease may follow S. haematobium and S. guineensis infection. | katayama syndrome is an acute form of schistosomiasis, caused by the host immune response to developing larvae and early egg production and presents with nocturnal fever, cough, myalgia, headache, and abdominal pain. |
Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests - Original textMicroscopy for eggs in stool (S. mansoni) or urine (S. haematobium) samples; quantification of eggs in stool by Kato–Katz method and in urine by standardized filtration techniques; PCR. | microscopy; quantification of eggs in stool by kato–katz method; pcr. |
TherapyTherapy - Original textPraziquantel is recommended; alternative: oxamniquine for S. mansoni, metrifonate for S. haematobium. | praziquantel is recommended; alternative: oxamniquine for s. mansoni, metrifonate for s., haematobium. |
PreventionPrevention - Original textAccess to clean water and sanitation; protective clothing for occupational risk; after accidental exposure, dry the skin and apply 70% alcohol; mollusciciding; avoid contact with contaminated water bodies. | access to clean water and sanitation; protective clothing for occupational risk; after accidental exposure, dry the skin and apply 70% alcohol; mollusciciding |
EpidemiologyEpidemiology - Original textIt is estimated that more than 207 million people are infected world wide, with 85% of them in Africa. Infection does not produce full immunity, so reinfection occurs. Schistosomiasis is a water-based disease that mainly affects rural agricultural and fishing communities. Higher disease prevalence rates in endemic regions are found close to irrigation projects or dams. Man-made water bodies like dams can lead to changes in snail habitat and cause a shift from urogenital to intestinal schistosomiasis (Egypt) and vice versa (Senegal). S. mansoni was presumably introduced with the slave trade from west Africa into South America and the Caribbean S. intercalatum and S. guineensis are geographically restricted to Central Western Africa. | it is estimated that more than 207 million people are infected world wide, with 85% of them in africa. higher disease prevalence rates in endemic regions are found close to irrigation projects or dams. |
CommunicabilityCommunicability - Original textNaN | - |
Prepatent periodPrepatent period - Original textNaN | - |